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A bottle kiln, or bottle oven, is a type of kiln. The word 'bottle' refers to the shape of the structure and not to the kiln's products, which are pottery, not glass. Bottle kilns were typical of the industrial landscape of Stoke-on-Trent, where nearly 50 are preserved as listed buildings.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Bottle and calcining kilns still standing in the six towns )〕 Their association with Stoke-on-Trent reflects the fact that the British ceramic industry was mainly based in that city. Bottle kilns are found in other locations; for example Coalport, which had a pottery industry. Bottle kilns were constructed until the mid-twentieth century after which they were replaced by other types of kiln, as the industry ceased to be coal-fired. ==Description== A bottle oven kiln is protected by an outer hovel which helps to create an updraught. The biscuit kiln was filled with saggars of green flatwares (bedded in flint) by placers. The doors (clammins) were bricked up and then the firing began. Each firing took 14 tons of coal. Fires were lit in the firemouths and baited every four hours. Flames rose up inside the kiln and heat passed between the bungs of saggars. They controlled the temperature of the firing using dampers in the crown. The firing was monitored by Bullers rings placed in the kiln. A kiln would be fired to 1250C.〔Interpretation Panel at Gladstone Pottery Museum, Longton.〕 The biscuitwares were glazed and fired again in the bigger glost kilns - again they were placed in saggars, separated by kiln furniture such as stints, saddles and thimbles. The enamel kiln (or muffle kiln) is of a different construction, with external flues, and was fired at 700C. The pots were stacked on seven or eight levels of clay bats (shelves). The door is iron lined with brick. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bottle oven」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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